Hadassah Magazine. The Jewish Traveler: Marche and Apulia

On the first night of the trip, we attended a get-together in the brilliantly lit Levantine synagogue in the port city of Ancona, where many of Marche’s 200 Jews worship. I found myself chatting with Gabriella Kropf, the owner of Key Jewish Tours of Trieste and, like Indrimi, a passionate advocate of Jewish Italy. “For years,” she told me, “we didn’t speak of our past, of the war. Jewish communities were closed. Synagogues were not open to visitors. Now it is the opposite. They are bending over backward—and recognizing that tourism is a big part of the effort.”

As she spoke, I remembered visiting Rome in the 1970s and discovering that the Great Synagogue was not on the map in my American Express guide. And then my many subsequent trips to towns and villages around Italy where lone Jewish residents unlocked doors to deserted synagogues, their beauty undimmed and sometimes, it seemed to me, enhanced by dust motes and cobwebs. But even then a move was on to resurrect Italy’s Jewish heritage. By the mid-1980s, Marsilio Press had launched Itinerari Ebraici, a series of meticulously researched regional guidebooks. Local municipalities and the Italian government began working with Jewish communities to restore synagogues, turning parts of them into museums, declaring them national historic sites, bringing them onto the general tourist scene—putting them, at last, on the maps. Slowly but surely all of Italy was awakening to the richness of its Jewish heritage, to what Primo Levi once wrote about Turin: “If we hadn’t been there, the city would have been different.”

In Ancona, for instance, there never would have been the wildly successful annual klezmer festival that began in 1996 and, in 2007, widened its scope considerably to become the International Adriatic Mediterranean Festival, featuring performers not only from the Middle East but from North Africa, the Balkans, Turkey and Italy; or one of the most original community archives, a tombstone timeline that we visited early the next morning. After a stroll through a park fragrant with wild mint, we stood overlooking Ancona’s Campo degli Ebrei, one of Europe’s oldest Jewish cemeteries, dating from 1428. After a monumental restoration effort funded by the city and led by architect Giovanna Salmoni, a member of the Jewish community, it—like the synagogue—became part of the municipal museum system.

At first, the cemetery, which descends down a steep, grassy slope dotted with cylindrical white tombstones, looks like a meadow of grazing sheep. At the bottom is the parade of stones documenting Ancona’s Jewish families starting in 1562 with Pinto. Many of these stones were found underground or underwater and had to be rescued, restored, catalogued and arranged to make this path. In a nearby media center you can look up local surnames. More Italian Jewish surnames come from Marche than from any other region, and Ancona is one of them—as in Vito d’Ancona, the Macchiaioli artist who fought with

Garibaldi during the Risorgimento. He was born in Pesaro, about an hour up the coast from Ancona.

The synagogue in Pesaro overlooks a street named for another famous Jewish native, Sara Levi Nathan, who was a great friend of Garibaldi’s and the mother of Ernesto Nathan, mayor of Rome from 1907 to 1913. Today, no Jews live in Pesaro. The two young women who welcomed us to the synagogue work for the city, which restored it and keeps it open to visitors—as many as 100 on Sundays. Light flooded the second-floor sanctuary, playing up its bare bones splendor, deepening the chiaroscuro of the oak-leaf medallions encrusting the ceiling. The oak—la guercia—was the symbol of the Della Rovere dukes, who ruled this part of Italy before the papacy annexed it and forced the Jews into ghettos.

During a lavish lunch at Antica Osteria La Guercia (homemade ravioli with ricotta and sage, homemade gnocchi with fresh tomato sauce and pecorino), musicologist Enrico Fink told us that architecture was not the only element making each Italian synagogue unique; music was of vital importance. “The music in one synagogue in Florence, for instance, won’t be the same as the other two synagogues in Florence,” he said. But the Italian Jewish musical tradition, which is becoming more widely recognized these days, includes not only the various liturgies but the works of Salomone Rossi, a contemporary of Claudio Monteverdi, and, more recently, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, a favorite of Andres Segovia and Jasha Heifetz, who fled Europe for Hollywood in 1939. He wrote scores for over 200 films, including Gaslight and The Picture of Dorian Grey. And then there was Guglielmo Ebreo da Pesaro, who was born in Pesaro around 1420 and brought his dance music and choreography to many Renaissance courts. What might be called Guglielmo’s theme song apparently was adapted from a melody in an exquisite leather-bound, heart-shaped 15th-century volume that Enrico Fink pointed out while showing us some of the treasures of the Oliveriana Library. (On www.j-italy.org, see this heart-shaped book while listening to Guglielmo’s haunting melody: Go to “Links,” then click on “Marche,” then “Voltate in Ca’, Rosina, Guglielmo Ebreo da Pesaro.”)

On the way back to Ancona we stopped in another coastal town, Senigallia, for a lavish kosher dinner (spaghetti with fresh sardines and Marche’s legendary Rosso Piceno wine) at the elegant Arca di Noe inn, owned by Riccardo and Simonetta Morpurgo (www.arcadinoecountryhouse.com). We also visited the synagogue, where I marveled at the three stately tzedaka boxes embedded in the foyer wall, particularly handsome specimens of the built-in boxes every Italian synagogue seems to have, tzedaka being part of the fabric of every Jewish community no matter how small or poor.

I was admiring the theatricality of the Liberty Print-style window treatments in the sanctuary, an interesting alternative to stained glass, when Amos Zuares, community president, pointed out what looked like a pair of large wooden pegboards propped in a corner. “I don’t know how old this is,” he said. “It was here when I came from Libya.”

On the boards were names of families who worshiped here for generations followed by columns headed by numbers with corresponding little holes. Below the holes were spaces for wooden pegs indicating the amounts of pledges on Shabbat, when writing is forbidden. People with those names don’t live here any longer, Zuares said sadly. But newcomers have given new life to Judaism here and elsewhere in Italy. Zuares and his family, for example, were among thousands of Libyan Jews who arrived in 1967, fleeing the fallout of the Six-Day War.

Zuares proudly showed off the Torahs, one of which wore a silk parokhet woven in the Pesaro Rose design popularized by local ceramicists in the 18th century—a classic example of how Jews in Italy’s ghettos put their own spin on the motifs and customs of the larger communities. I remembered seeing a photo of this pattern in the guidebook Marche Jewish Itineraries: Places, History and Art by Maria Luisa Moscati.

The following day, Moscati herself was our guide in Urbino, where her family has lived since the 16th century. “They always talk about wandering Jews,” she said, “but my family had a nice atmosphere right here and didn’t wander.”

Urbino was also the home of Raphael, and his La Muta casts her Mona Lisa-like spell over the Galleria Nazionale delle Marche. Another of the works making this museum’s collection one of Italy’s greatest is of profound Jewish interest: Paolo Uccello’s six-panel Profanation of the Host exemplifies the Renaissance version of today’s racist graffiti: church decor commissioned to stir up anti-Jewish feeling. (The artist, according to Moscati, did not choose the subject matter.)

In a back room of Urbino’s synagogue, built in 1633 and restored in the 1970s, we saw masterpieces that conjured more benign images: piles of magnificent Ark and Torah covers, halla and Shabbat cloths embellished with richly embroidered pomegranates, grapes, lions, birds and, of course, the Pesaro Rose—all the handiwork of the women of the ghetto. This was the only art they were allowed to create, and art it certainly is.

From Urbino we flew to the southernmost part of Apulia, the heel of the Italian boot, known for those hive-like stone farm dwellings called trulli, and for burrata cheese, a current craze in foodie circles, not to mention for Primitivo wine, orecchiete pasta and some of the world’s tastiest olive oil. But Apulia is also an up-and-coming Jewish destination. In 2001, the University of Salento began a Jewish studies program, headed by the ebullient and downright Indiana Jones-like Fabrizio Lelli, who took us on an incredible journey through a part of Italy where Jewish sites from communities that flourished from the first millennium until the expulsions and conversions of the 1500s are being rediscovered and Judaism reborn.

We started in the resort town of Santa Maria al Bagno where, at the end of World War II, the Allies requisitioned palatial seaside villas to house refugees en route to Israel and America. Each black-and-white photo on display in the two-year-old Museum of Memory and Welcome tells a moving story, and one of them—of two boys and a bicycle—sprang to life when Lelli introduced us to the older boy, Vittorio Perrone, who is now 84. He grew up here and was 18 when he met Jacob Erlich, a 15-year-old refugee from Sarajevo, and lent him his treasured bicycle. They lost touch after Erlich immigrated to Argentina. But, in 2001, Erlich, who now lives in Miami, came back to Santa Maria and they renewed their friendship.

There were several other transit camps in Apulia, and collecting and compiling the biographies of East and Central Europeans who began new lives here is a central part of Lelli’s work (find out more at www.profugiebreinpuglia.it). But he is equally passionate about his research into the region’s medieval Jewish heritage and its present-day Jewish revival, both of which we discovered the following day in Trani. At lunch overlooking the ancient harbor, Francesco Lotoro, a distinguished pianist and musicologist who has collected and recorded 4,000 compositions written by prisoners in concentration and detention camps from 1933 to 1945 (www.musicaconcentrationaria.org), told us about his struggle to convert to Judaism—”It’s a long process in Italy”—and then to pull off the conversion of a medieval synagogue-turned-church back into a synagogue where he and other Apulian converts, most claiming Converso heritage, could worship.

“Of course there were some halakhic problems,” he said. For one thing, there was the Byzantine Madonna and Child fresco in the Ark: Both church officials and Jews agreed it should remain—but under wraps (a false wall covered with a menora-embellished cloth). Then there was the bell tower. “One night we climbed up and built a great Magen David on top of it,” Lotoro said.
So now the Scola Nova Synagogue is again open for prayers and learning; it just might be the oldest functioning synagogue in Europe. Not far away is Sinagoga Museo St. Anna, another medieval synagogue-turned-church-turned museum of local Jewish history run by the Catholic diocese.

That night I stood in Trani’s main piazza watching the boats bob in the harbor and thinking of all the things I had forgotten to ask Lotoro and Lelli and, come to think of it, Moscati back in Urbino. Then I remembered J-Italy.org, where I can go anytime to find—for starters—the backstory to every place we visited. You can, too. As was once said of long-distance, “it’s the next best thing to being there.”