{"id":3021,"date":"2016-11-24T12:29:47","date_gmt":"2016-11-24T12:29:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/primolevicenter.org\/printed-matter\/?p=3021"},"modified":"2016-11-24T12:30:30","modified_gmt":"2016-11-24T12:30:30","slug":"abramo-colorni-and-the-economy-of-secrets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/primolevicenter.org\/printed-matter\/abramo-colorni-and-the-economy-of-secrets\/","title":{"rendered":"Abramo Colorni and the Economy of Secrets"},"content":{"rendered":"
\nBook review<\/a>\r\n\t \t\t
\n

David H. Price. Review of J\u00fctte, Daniel, The Age of Secrecy: Jews, Christians, and the Economy of Secrets, 1400-1800. H-Judaic, H-Net Reviews. November, 2016.
\nhttp:\/\/www.h-net.org\/reviews\/showrev.php?id=45217<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

Until recently, Abramo Colorni (ca. 1544-99) has been flying largely under the radar of historians, even having eluded detection by the editors of the\u00a0Encyclopaedia Judaica<\/em>. Building on the research of very few precursors (notably, Ariel Toaff\u2019s\u00a0Il prestigiatore di Dio:\u00a0Avventure e miracoli di un alchimista ebreo nelle corti del Rinascimento<\/em>\u00a0[2010]), Daniel J\u00fctte has now reconstructed the \u201cspectacular career\u201d of an early modern Jewish engineer and munitions manufacturer\u00a0(p. 235). Colorni\u2019s interests and abilities were multifaceted, encompassing those of \u201ccourt engineer, mathematician, chiromancer, alchemist, weapons and powder manufacturer, cryptologist, magus, [and]\u00a0dealer in luxury goods\u201d (p. 5). He was especially well versed in the technology of warfare. He designed harquebuses (one of which could be fired repeatedly without reloading); proposed a method for wide-scale poisoning; devised scaffolding for scaling fortresses; and, most important, constructed and operated saltpeter-producing landfills in Mantua, Prague, Ferrara, and Stuttgart. (Saltpeter, or potassium nitrate, is the critical component of gunpowder.) He was also reputed to have expertise in the art of prison escape and composed a book on cryptography (with special relevance for military communications). His other books were on mathematics and chiromancy. Though now largely unknown, Colorni was celebrated in his time, most enthusiastically by the priest (and his friend) Tomaso Garzoni in his\u00a0La piazza universale di tutte le professioni del mondo<\/em>\u00a0(second edition, 1587).<\/p>\n

Colorni became a technical expert and purveyor of exotic wares (including, for\u00a0example, jewels, antiquities, and unicorn powder) at four major European courts: Ferrara (Duke Alfonso II d\u2019Este), Mantua (Duke Vicenzo I Gonzaga), Prague (Emperor Rudolf II), and\u00a0Stuttgart (Duke Friedrich I of W\u00fcrttemberg). It is also known that he lived for a while in Florence, where he got embroiled in a dispute with a certain Rabbi Giuseppe Ursi over the construction of a mikveh. Before this controversy was over, he accused the rabbi of sodomy and incest, calumnies that resulted in Colorni\u2019s banishment from Florence.\u00a0After Colorni worked successfully in the courts of Ferrara and Mantua, including as official \u201ccourt engineer\u201d in Ferrara, Duke Alonso \u201cloaned him out\u201d in 1588 to work for Rudolf II. The emperor was initially interested in\u00a0having Colorni develop an escape plan for the imprisoned Archduke Maximilian, held in Swedish custody. When diplomacy made that strategy unnecessary, Colorni joined the menagerie of engineers, scientists, and alchemists in Prague and ultimately distinguished himself by constructing and operating a large saltpeter-producing facility.<\/p>\n

In 1597, having left Prague, he negotiated a quasi-monopoly for production of saltpeter in Ferrara. It is not known if he was able to implement these plans before the duke died later during that same year, although it is known that Colorni\u2019s son, Simone, produced saltpeter there subsequently. In any event, in 1597 he set up operations for another large-scale saltpeter facility in Stuttgart for the Duchy of W\u00fcrttemberg. Colorni encountered an extremely hostile anti-Jewish environment in Protestant Stuttgart. Whereas all of his earlier residences had been in leading centers for Jewish life, Stuttgart and the entire Duchy of W\u00fcrttemberg tolerated no Jewish residents.<\/p>\n

The new duke, Friedrich I, was interested in the economic and technological successes of court Jews (and Jewish experts) in some places and wished to benefit from Colorni\u2019s military technology; Friedrich also tried\u2014unsuccessfully\u2014to settle a Jewish trading company in Stuttgart, apparently with Colorni\u2019s assistance. Although Colorni was able to begin saltpeter production successfully, Friedrich\u2019s efforts encountered fierce opposition from the W\u00fcrttemberg Landtag, which insisted on the strict banishment of every single Jew from the duchy. J\u00fctte is not able to reconstruct all details, but this phase of Colorni\u2019s life ended with his surreptitious (and illegal) departure from Stuttgart in March 1599. He was said to have absconded with the immense sum of four\u00a0thousand gulden. Efforts to extradite him to W\u00fcrttemberg for trial were blocked by the protective court of Mantua; interestingly, after Colorni\u2019s death on November 15,\u00a01599, the Stuttgart court attempted to extradite his son, Simone, also without success. This episode warrants even closer study as a failed attempt in a German Protestant court to modernize Jewish policy in the interest of military and mercantilist advancement and also as an example of an Italian court protecting Jewish interests.<\/p>\n

J\u00fctte has framed his fascinating research as a case study for a larger history of an \u201ceconomy of secrets.\u201d This innovative approach is in some respects a form of mentality history and in other respects an argument that in early\u00a0modern Europe a distinct economic sector of secrecy existed, formed by a general practice of trading in a broad array of types of secrets. As he persuasively argues, stereotypes emerged that attributed special competence in the \u201ceconomy of secrets\u201d to Jews. Moreover, the mentality of secrecy and this form of economic exchange were prominent among Christians as well, and became important contexts for Christian-Jewish interaction.<\/p>\n

Thus, despite its sharp focus, the study reflects on a broad array of issues: it\u00a0\u201cattempts to proceed from Jewish history to a general praxeology of secrecy in the premodern era\u201d (p. 8). To that end, J\u00fctte defines types of secrecy (alchemy, medical arcana, cryptography, political-military reconnaissance, military and civilian technology, and trade in legendary unicorn horns) in chapter 2, a questionable aspect of which is J\u00fctte\u2019s exclusion of theological\u00a0secrecy, especially Kabbalistic knowledge as well as the widespread phenomenon of secret societies. This is followed by a special focus on the complex political and economic meaning of magic in chapter 3, and a brief assessment of the actual trade in secrets in chapter 4. The heart of the study is the extensive analysis of Colorni (chapter 5) as an exemplar of the knowledge economy (which constitutes well over one-third of the book). The organization is not entirely successful for it results in an unusual amount of repetition, as nearly everything stated about Colorni in chapters 1-4 is repeated in the comprehensive presentation of his career in chapter 5.<\/p>\n

J\u00fctte has meticulously reconstructed Colorni\u2019s life to reveal a significant variant of a familiar type in early modern historiography: a Jew working confidentially and with great expertise at very high levels of government (overwhelmingly at imperial or territorial courts) in a variety of endeavors often related to provisioning. Colorni\u2019s special competence in military technology is a precursor of what would very soon become the \u201ccore business\u201d of some of the most successful central European court Jews in the seventeenth century\u00a0(p. 191). Apparently, Colorni never had the financial resources to rise to the level of a leading court Jew (in\u00a0other\u00a0words, to reach the level of what we currently mean by the designation \u201ccourt Jew\u201d), but he flourished at European courts because of his technical know-how and ability to scale up saltpeter production. Therefore, in most respects, he fits a traditional narrative of the successful Jew at court, although one curious feature of Colorni\u2019s life, perhaps underappreciated by J\u00fctte, is the relative lack of evidence we have for his participation in Jewish society on a significant level.<\/p>\n

We may also wish to question whether or not the \u201ceconomy of secrets,\u201d as a historiographic concept, is just another way of labeling what we already know: the special circumstance at this time of confidential governmental work at authoritarian courts. As J\u00fctte concedes, Colorni is part of a small group of experts (Christian and Jewish) who merely wanted courts and other affluent patrons to buy their technology (see p. 234). Of course, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, this technology (as in the case of Colorni) included elements of engineering, medicine, alchemy, and magic. Nonetheless, J\u00fctte wrestles in truly innovative ways with some very challenging issues, in particular by endeavoring to define an overarching socioeconomic mentality that embraces successful engineering and magical performances, chemical production and alchemical experimentation (and mysticism), and the seeming ubiquity of magic (or beliefs in magic) in the historical context of the development of the scientific revolution. His presentation of Colorni in this context is both rich and persuasive: Colorni\u2019s \u201cmagic was inseparable from his aspiration to a status of a\u00a0scientia<\/em>\u201d and \u201cColorni was capable, in a figurative sense, of speaking several languages\u2014including those of the engineer, the magus, and the courtier\u201d (pp.\u00a0220,\u00a0221).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Until recently, Abramo Colorni (ca. 1544-99) has been flying largely under the radar of historians, even having eluded detection by the editors of the\u00a0Encyclopaedia Judaica. Building on the research of…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3022,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3021","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-books"],"yoast_head":"\nAbramo Colorni and the Economy of Secrets - Printed_Matter<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/primolevicenter.org\/printed-matter\/abramo-colorni-and-the-economy-of-secrets\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Abramo Colorni and the Economy of Secrets - Printed_Matter\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Until recently, Abramo Colorni (ca. 1544-99) has been flying largely under the radar of historians, even having eluded detection by the editors of the\u00a0Encyclopaedia Judaica. 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