Tullia Zevi n\u00e9e Calabi (2 February 1919 \u2013 22 January 2011) was an Italian journalist and writer. Zevi’s family fled Italy to France and then to the United States of America after the rise of Fascism in the 1930s. In New York, she married Bruno Zevi. She returned to Europe in 1946, and was one of the few women journalists to report the Nuremberg Trials. On her return to Italy, she played a major role in Interfaith dialog, and was active in Italian Centre-left politics. Zevi was President of the Union of Italian Jewish Communities from 1983 to 1998. Zevi was born in Milan, one of four children of a middle-class Milanese Jewish-Italian family. Her father Giuseppe Calabi was a lawyer and prominent anti-fascist. Zevi studied philosophy at the University of Milan and studied music the Milan Conservatory. When the Fascist government of Italy passed Anti-Jewish laws, Zevi was on holiday in Switzerland with her family. Later they moved to France, where Zevi continued her studies at Sorbonne in Paris. Anticipating the Fall of France, the Calabi family emigrated to the United States. <\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Tullia Zevi left us on January 22, 2011. We remember her with respect and affection. On the occasion of this Giorno della Memoria we would like to share a speech that Ms. Zevi gave at the Circolo Rosselli in Florence, on November 15, 1999, in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of Carlo Rosselli\u2019s birth.\u00a0 Re-printed in Quaderni del Circolo Rosselli: 1, (Florence, Alinea editrice, 2000). \u00a0[translation by Inga Pierson]\n
In Italy, Before the Exile<\/strong>
\nDear Friends, dearest John, Paola, and Alberto Rosselli.\u00a0As always, seeing you brings me great joy.<\/p>\nMore than anything else, my testimony is the story of a political education \u2013 that of a girl, born into the northern Italian Jewish bourgeoisie, who spent her formative years in Fascist Italy. The Giustizia e Libert\u00e0 movement, along with Carlo and Nello Rosselli and the courageous women of the Rosselli household all play an important role in this story and each has a special meaning for that girl and the woman she would become.<\/p>\n
Let us begin with my education and with the Italian schools under Fascism.\u00a0 I remember the tone, the bombast, the rhetoric, the boredom, the grammatical imperative of the \u201cvoi\u201d and that jaw and those imbecile massive images of the Duce that were all over.\u00a0 However, I also remember the father of a classmate \u2013 bludgeoned to death by Fascist henchmen – and the anti-fascist brother of another classmate who was in prison.<\/p>\n
A few notes on our family: we were four children and father was a lawyer whose ideals we knew to be vaguely liberal and republican.\u00a0 We also knew that he was a Free Mason \u2013 the old school kind, not like today\u2019s version.\u00a0 Father was cautious in speaking with us but his irony and disdain for Mussolini and all things Fascist assured that we understood his views perfectly well. These rhetorical tools were simple perhaps but effective nonetheless.\u00a0 I want to recall here a couple of anecdotes.\u00a0 For example, he never told us, \u201cFascism is an abuse of power and Mussolini is a scoundrel\u201d.\u00a0 Not exactly.\u00a0 But rather, at the table, he told us about how they had discovered a poem written on the walls of Corso Buenos Aires at dawn.\u00a0 It was written in Milanese dialect so I hope you Tuscans will understand it:<\/p>\n
“Caro il me Benitute me cunsci\u00e0 pulitute me cala la pagate me cres\u00f9 l’affittu. Quando “Bandiera rossa”se cantavatrenta lirette al d\u00ec num se ciapava. Adeso inves se canta “Giuvinesa”se crepa t\u00f9ch \u2014 ahim\u00e8 \u2014 de debulesa. ”<\/p>\n
My dear Benito
\nWhat a great job you\u2019ve done:
\nYou\u2019ve decreased my pay
\nAnd raised my rent.
\nWhen \u201cBandiera Rossa\u201d we went singing
\nWe couldn\u2019t even wrestle together 30 lire a day.
\nNow that we must sing your \u201cGiovinezza\u201d songs
\nWe\u2019re all croaking \u2013 alas, weak and powerless.<\/p>\n
So, in essence, this was the beginning or our anti-fascist education.\u00a0 I remember another time at the dinner table (because that was where our political consciousness was formed) the youngest of my brothers, the one who had been the most conditioned by Fascist propaganda, asked, \u201cPap\u00e0, you don\u2019t think Mussolini is a great man?\u201d Father, very serious and in a quiet voice,\u00a0answered: \u201cIn my opinion everything he says and does nonsense\u201d.\u00a0 Thus, through these little \u2018off the cuff\u2019 comments and anecdotes, he made us understand what he thought.<\/p>\n
Things changed radically and tragically in 1938 with the promulgation of the Racial Laws.\u00a0 Father was part of a liberal anti-fascist group that met in the bookstore of the Galleria di Milano \u2013 The Baldini Castoldi group \u2013 to which many Italians of the old guard – famous liberals such as Arturo Toscanini – belonged.<\/p>\n
It was the summer of 1938 and we were on vacation in Switzerland.\u00a0 Toscanini warned my father that he was in danger.\u00a0 Dad called us saying, \u201cWait for me, I\u2019m on my way.\u201d When he arrived he told us we wouldn\u2019t be going back.<\/p>\n
This abrupt departure \u2013 without any goodbyes to our friends \u2013 was traumatic.\u00a0 Our first stop in exile was Geneva which, although crawling with fascist spies, was also home to a number of important anti-fascist circles.\u00a0 It was there, during a visit to Guglielmo Ferrer\u00f2\u2019s home, that my political awakening occurred.\u00a0 For the first time, I heard candid and bitter criticism \u2013 in this case, the discussion focused on the Munich Agreement (the then very recent pact between Chamberlain and\u00a0von Ribbentrop). And I also learned of the death of the Rosselli brothers.<\/p>\n
Father initially thought that we could continue living in Europe and that he could open up an office in Paris with a French friend.\u00a0 But the ever more dramatic turn of events was such that, in the summer of 1939, on one of the last passenger ships to leave France, we set sail for the United States.<\/p>\n
Our American Exile<\/strong>
\nIt is difficult to provide an accurate description of life amidst a community of exiles – it was an enormously diverse group, very dynamic but also apprehensive and insecure.\u00a0 Nonetheless we pulled together the antifascist forces and founded the Mazzini Society, which even then had the liberal-socialist imprint of Giustizia e Libert\u00e0. Quickly emerging as the most outspoken personality in that group was Gaetano Salvemini \u2013 the first and only real teacher I have ever had.\u00a0 With Salvemini there were also Aldo Garosci, Alberto Trachiani, Max Ascoli, Nino Levi, Sandro Pechelis and so many others who contributed to the liberal-socialist \u2013 or \u201cgiellini\u201d (adherents of Giustizia e Libert\u00e0) \u2013 ideas coming out of the Mazzini Society.<\/p>\nThere was great tension within the organization \u2013 anything could become the subject of intense discussion.\u00a0 Of course, we talked about our political game plan and ideas for the future but even minor things could spark endless arguments and debate. For example, our insignia.\u00a0 Some wanted the female image of \u201cItalia\u201d crowned, others vied for Garibaldi and still others thought it should be Mazzini.\u00a0 At a certain point, Salvemini, betraying a strong southern Italian (pugliese) accent, lost his patience and loudly asserted, \u201cWhat the devil do you want to put if not Mazzini?! A naked woman?!\u201d Everyone calmed down and Mazzini\u2019s head became our emblem and signature image.
\nThe communists kept their distance and I can\u2019t say they would have been welcome.\u00a0 Just as in Spain and during their exiles in Paris and in the U.S., the communists weren\u2019t much for political rivalry.\u00a0 They would have preferred a political monopoly as the tragic skirmishes between communists and anarchist-unionists in Spain (which resulted in Berneri\u2019s death) have demonstrated so well.\u00a0 When, for example, a group of anti-fascists (Garosci, Tarchiani, Cianca and my husband Zevi) left to pursue the fight in Europe, first in London and then in Italy \u2013 I remember that same day one of the communists, Ambrogio Donini called me.\u00a0 He asked for Bruno and I said that he was out.\u00a0 He didn\u2019t have much of a reply but the next day the papers exploded with ferocious attacks against Giustizia e Libert\u00e0 and the Mazzini Society.\u00a0 All those who had left were accused of being in the Allied secret service.\u00a0 This conduct isn\u2019t really all that surprising given the long history of their hostility toward our group.\u00a0 Italian Communist Leader Palmiro Togliatti famously and disdainfully dismissed Carlo Rosselli\u2019s 1930 book, \u201cLiberal Socialism\u201d as \u201ca skinny socialist pamphlet and a close relative of Fascist literature\u201d.<\/p>\n
The presence of the Giustizia e Libert\u00e0 movement in the U.S. and abroad was strengthened by the publication of our magazine \u201cQuaderni di Giustizia e Libert\u00e0\u201d \u2013 a sign that our movement was destined to exist then, just as it should today.\u00a0 We were in Boston at the time and the editorial office was at our house.\u00a0 The printer was an old anarchist \u2013 Aldino Felicani – who printed our journal on the same press he had used to print all the material in defense of Sacco and Vanzetti during their trial.\u00a0 We printed \u201cQuaderni di Giustizia e Libert\u00e0\u201d in two editions, one on very thin paper with a blank cover to send back to Italy and one with a grey cover and red characters.\u00a0 (The red characters didn\u2019t quite satisfy Felicani who preferred the image of a big, bloody hand.) The editorial staff consisted of Garosci, Tarchiani, Cianca, Enzo Tagliacozzo, then Salvemini\u2019s assistant, and my husband – with me acting as editorial secretary. We were able to run four issues.\u00a0 The third issue, printed in 1943, was entirely dedicated to Spain.\u00a0 After my husband and the others left for Europe, I can say \u2013 to my own modest credit \u2013 that I published the 4th issue entirely on my own.\u00a0 And I don\u2019t think it was any worse than the preceding numbers.<\/p>\n
In the U.S. our anti-fascist work went in several directions.\u00a0 There were the efforts directed at Italy: the shipment and diffusion of our magazine, fliers and other materials overseas.\u00a0 Then there were the short wave radio initiatives \u2013 one of which \u2013 a news and commentary program for partisan fighters \u2013 I directed from the National Broadcasting Company offices in New York.\u00a0 Then there was the task of maintaining contact with and informing the other anti-fascist cells abroad – in Latin America, England and North Africa \u2013 where Paolo Vittorelli was in charge.<\/p>\n
Moreover, there were our relations with the longtime anti-fascist Americans: the Catholics, Fr. Sturzo and Giorgio La Piana, the socialists and the anarchists (who had important cells in both Patterson, N.J. and in Philadelphia).\u00a0 I remember paying visit to these old anarchists, sometimes with\u00a0Marion and Maria Rosselli.\u00a0They were grateful to see that the social liberal spirit was still alive in Italy and welcomed us with open arms.<\/p>\n
Among the anarchists Carlo Tresca distinguished himself, not only as an historical figure and a famous labor union organizer but also for his interest in the Mazzini Society.\u00a0 One evening, I remember him leaving a Society meeting, arm in arm with my father.\u00a0 Two shots fired by a hired assassin struck him dead. The investigations continued for some time but the real motives were never uncovered. There are those who think it was an instance of personal revenge \u2013 motivated by a woman, perhaps – while others maintain the hypothesis of political murder.\u00a0 I\u2019m with the latter camp – I know that people disagree because he was a good-looking older man, with a flowing beard and cerulean eyes.\u00a0 But he had a young American wife and I don\u2019t think he had a lot of time or need for running around.\u00a0 So my guess is that the mafia had something to do with it.\u00a0 Tresca had been a leader during the heroic period of the labor union movement.\u00a0 At the time, the employers fought back by trying to pit the different ethnic groups among the worker population against one another. Trescas\u2019s death sent shockwaves through the Italian American community and especially our anti-fascist circle.<\/p>\n
Which brings me to our work within the Italian American community.\u00a0 Soon after arriving in the U.S., I came to understand that no one in Italy was Fascist to the extent that Italian Americans were Fascist.\u00a0 And why?\u00a0 Because what they knew of Fascism was what they had sorted out from the propaganda \u2013 that the trains ran on time, that there were no strikes, etc.\u00a0 In the eyes of the American middle class, this proud man with a protruding chest \u2013 who commanded respect and flouted international sanctions \u2013 inspired fascination and respect, reinforcing – on some level \u2013 their Italian American pride.\u00a0 Our job was to explain to the population \u2013 which (at that time) was still concentrated in the old immigrant neighborhoods \u2013 how things really were.\u00a0 I remember that the youngest among us were charged with spreading the word on a grass roots level.\u00a0 We commemorated the anniversaries of Matteotti and the Rosselli brothers.\u00a0 We went into the Italian neighborhoods in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, etc. distributing fliers and pamphlets in the caf\u00e9s, stores, and barber shops.\u00a0 Often they would chase us out with raised fists yelling, \u201cTraitors! Traitors!\u201d In brief, it wasn\u2019t easy to reverse so many years of Fascist brainwashing.<\/p>\n
We also had to keep tabs on the local radio programs in Italian. I was responsible for the news programs on WOV \u2013 the biggest Italian language radio station.\u00a0 It was incredible! They were basically issuing Fascist news bulletins within the U.S. while the country was at war! Eventually they thought better of it and moderated their tone.<\/p>\n
Beyond our work within the Italian American community, we also had to inform the more general American public of the justice of our cause.\u00a0 We had to prove that Italy and Fascism were not inseparable and to demonstrate that Italy\u2019s honor would be won not in defending Fascism but in fighting for its defeat and for the re-birth of democracy.\u00a0 We published a bulletin with the title \u201cItaly Against Fascism\u201d \u2013 which caught the attention of the liberal American press including the New Republic, The Nation and the Partisan Review as well as some of the big newspapers.\u00a0 Our relations with liberal American society proved to be rather positive and effective.<\/p>\n
When, during the war, the dark cloud of McCarthyism cast its shadow over foreign political organizations, a few of us were interrogated at length.\u00a0 But they were looking for communists and their investigation into \u201canti-American\u201d activities within our circle did not yield much satisfaction.<\/p>\n
The Rosselli Family in the U.S.<\/strong>
\nIn the summer of 1940 the Rosselli clan arrived in the U.S.\u00a0 I remember the emotions associated with that arrival. Signora Amelia, Carlo and Nello\u2019s mother, the two daughters-in-law, Maria and Marion, and their seven children.\u00a0 The architect behind this fortuitous voyage was Max Ascoli, a scholar and university professor, member of the Giustizia e Libert\u00e0 movement, and one of the founders of the New School for Social Research.\u00a0 Ascoli had an American wife whose friendship with Eleanor Roosevelt helped to expedite the Rossellis\u2019 entry into the country.\u00a0 Thus the Ascolis sponsored them and we were all very grateful.<\/p>\nI began to visit the Rossellis soon after their arrival and our friendship was born. They lived in a house at 9 Park Road in a house in Westchester County, about 40 minutes from New York City.\u00a0 Signora Amelia was like a mother.\u00a0 I went to her in my worst moments of anguish, loneliness and nostalgia.\u00a0 I have extraordinarily vivid memories from those visits.\u00a0 We talked about everything, about life and she spoke about her experience and tried to give my advice.\u00a0 Some of her advice I followed and that which I didn\u2019t, I usually regretted. I hardly have the courage to speak about her \u2026 but to elucidate the magnitude of her personality, I will share a question of hers, a desperate question, almost a cry: \u201cTo what extent \u2013 to what point \u2013 should a man – a husband -sacrifice his family for his ideals?\u201d\u00a0 (This question appears in the text of her memorial.)<\/p>\n
I wouldn\u2019t know how to answer an inquiry so full of heartache.\u00a0 But I found a response in a text written by Piero Calamandrei on the occasion of Amelia\u2019s death in 1954.\u00a0 Please allow me to cite his words because, in my mind, no one has succeeded in describing the extraordinary figure of Mrs. Rosselli so well.<\/p>\n
Amelia Rosselli\u2019s destiny was to experience unspeakable devastation, followed by long periods of agonized, silent waiting for the rare piece of news from imprisonments, exiles and assassinations.\u00a0 Her first son was killed in the Alps and yet never did a note of regret, anger or displeasure issue from her lips \u2013 neither for his conduct nor for that of his brothers, already preparing to sacrifice themselves.\u00a0 It was only natural that they should do so; it was their duty.\u00a0 She looked upon them with a trembling heart but never expressed any kind of selfish intransigence.\u00a0 They were her life and yet there was, within her a profound and religious democratic [Mazzinian] understanding.\u00a0 Life is given to be lived and spent, and to be continued in others\u201d.<\/p>\n
Perhaps without a mother like Amelia, Carlo and Nello would not have been the men they were.<\/p>\n
The Return to Italy<\/strong>
\nThe Rosselli family returned to Italy in July 1946 and I made the journey with them.\u00a0 It was one of those ships still outfitted for the transportation of soldiers and military personnel.\u00a0 We talked for hours and I remember Signora Amelia, Maria and Marion sitting on the bunk beds.\u00a0 It was a time of great uncertainty, of doubt, and anguish but also filled with hope.\u00a0 After being at sea for several days, we landed in Italy.<\/p>\nWhat was our rush in returning so quickly?\u00a0 Perhaps the strength of their ties to Italy are more easily comprehended, but what was I doing?\u00a0 The horrors of the war were only then coming to the fore \u2013 including the large-scale extermination of Jews, gypsies and political prisoners as well as the destruction of the Jewish community.\u00a0 It seemed to me a question of justice – that I, who had had the good fortune of surviving, should help to resurrect and rebuild democracy in Italy.\u00a0 I joined the Partito Repubblicano and collaborated in the party\u2019s main publication, \u201cLa voce repubblicana\u201d [The Republican Voice].\u00a0 I should add that, in the meantime, in working with the Jewish communities, I had made a kind of \u201ccareer\u201d for myself \u2013 in reality, I had taken on a great many volunteer projects. I was the first woman in the history of Italian Judaism to be elected to the High Council of the Union of Jewish Communities.\u00a0 Later I would be elected president of the Union of Italian Jewish Communities.\u00a0 I was passionate about the cause and I tried to do my best during those difficult years of reconstruction.<\/p>\n
Conclusions<\/strong>
\nSignora Amelia,\u00a0 Marion and Maria are no longer with us and other tragedies have afflicted the third generation of Rosselli family.\u00a0 With the same courage and dignity, they endured Melina\u2019s death and that of Silvia\u2019s son.<\/p>\nMy admiration, esteem and love for the Rossellis lives on, especially through my close friendship with Silvia.\u00a0I see Aldo sometimes and even, although more rarely, Alberto, John and Paola.\u00a0But every encounter is the greatest source of joy for me, just as being here today warms my heart and brings me immense happiness.\u00a0 I would like very much for the Rossellis to know that I speak sincerely, from the bottom of my heart.<\/p>\n
I have now come to the conclusion of my story.\u00a0 Mussolini said that the Italians were a people of heroes, explorers and poets.\u00a0 Every nation and civilization looks to its heroes for symbolic value.\u00a0 I don\u2019t know whether we really need legendary or symbolic \u201cheroes\u201d, but I do know that it will be very difficult \u2013 if not impossible \u2013 to fill the void left by men such as Leo Valiani and Carlo and Nello Rosselli.<\/p>\n
So what is left for us to do?\u00a0 It is our duty to honor their memory and to continue the work they began.\u00a0 To work for an Italy whose citizens are conscious of their rights but also of their civic responsibilities.\u00a0 And to labor for an Italy and a European Union that is not merely a conglomerate of markets and exchanges but a political community with a profound understanding of the principles of liberty and justice.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Tullia Calabi Zevi (1919-2011):\u00a0 \u201cMy Political Autobiography\u201d Tullia Zevi left us on January 22, 2011. We remember her with respect and affection. On the occasion of this Giorno della Memoria…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3012,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-588","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-essays"],"yoast_head":"\n
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We remember her with respect and affection. 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